Thursday, December 19, 2019

Essay on Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura

Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura If youve taken an introductory course in economics, youre already familiar with the policy planners dilemma of deciding whether to allocate limited resources for guns or for butter. The problem is usually posed to illustrate the impersonal market forces of supply and demand, profit and loss. Yet planners are people, and most individuals come to the war-or-peace decision points of life having already developed preferred responses. Northwestern psychologist Donald Campbell calls these tendencies acquired behavioral dispositions, and he suggests six ways that we learn to choose one option over another. 1. Trial-and-error experience is a hands-on exploration that might lead to tasting the†¦show more content†¦He uses the term modeling to describe Campbells two midrange processes of response acquisition (observation of anothers response and modeling), and he claims that modeling can have as much impact as direct experience. Social learning theory is a general theory of human behavior, but Bandura and people concerned with mass communication have used it specifically to explain media effects. Bandura warned that children and adults acquire attitudes, emotional responses, and new styles of conduct through filmed and televised modeling.2 George Gerbner (see Chapter 29) was concerned that television violence would create a false climate of fear. Albert Bandura cautioned that TV might create a violent reality that was worth fearing. Banduras warning struck a responsive chord in parents and educators who feared that escalating violence on TV would transform children into bullies. Although he doesnt think this will happen without the tacit approval of those who supervise the children, Bandura regards anxiety over televised violence as legitimate. That stance caused network officials to blackball him from taking part in the 1972 Surgeon Generals Report on Violence.3 It is doubtful whether TV sets will ever bear an inscription similar to that on packs of cigarettes: Warning: The Surgeon General has determined that TV violence may turn your child into an insensitive brute. But if Bandura had been picked as a member of the researchShow MoreRelatedAlbert Bandura Social Learning Theory1060 Words   |  5 PagesMass shootings,  youth violence,  and  anti-social behaviors have caused society to point their finger at video games. Video game reformists claim that video game violence causes aggressive behavior which r esult in violent acts. The best way to approach society’s claim is with Albert Bandura’s cognitive-behavioral â€Å"Modeling† approach. This research shows that although video game violence may condone aggressive behavior,  it is not  the only factor triggering individuals to act aggressively or performRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Social Learning Theory1323 Words   |  6 PagesAlbert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory has aided in the understanding of human development. Humans are a unique set of individuals who continue to evolve in nature. They are social beings and interactions make up a significant part of their daily lives and general nature. My interest in this theory comes from my tendency to observe others. It’s fascinating to see how people are going to react to situations that come their way and how they develop from it. People tend to learn from others as wellRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Social Learning Theory1340 Words   |  6 PagesInt roduction Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory is a theory that includes development theories in order to understand how children learn. Bandura’s theory is based on how people can learn by observing others, how internal mental states influence people, and how learning something does not change one’s behavior every time. Bandura was able to find out that people learn by three observational models. The first model is the live model which includes observing how someone demonstrates the behaviorRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Social Learning Theory1503 Words   |  7 Pagescompare and contrast Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory with Piaget’s Cognitive Theory. compare and contrast Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory with Piaget’s Cognitive Theory. How applicable is the Social learning Theory to the Zambian Educational system. Both Albert Bandura and Jean Piaget were psychologists who contributed greatly in the field of psychology. This implies that there are some similarities and differences between Albert Bandura’s Social learning theories with Piaget’s cognitiveRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Theory Of Social Learning1404 Words   |  6 Pages Albert Bandura s (1986) theory of social learning emphasizes the role of learning by observing and imitating models and allows us to understand aggression. Bandura identified four steps by which this learning occurs: â€Å"the first is simply that a particular type of behavior of a model catches our attention. Second, we store a mental image of such behavior in memory. Thirdly, a particular kind of situation leads us to convert that memorized behavior into action; And finally, if the behavior is reinforcedRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Social Learning Theory1737 Words   |  7 PagesTheory of Social Learning Albert Bandura’s social learning theory posits that observation is a major constituent of behaviour development (Bandura, 1978). Observation models include attractiveness, status and perceived similarities. The imitation of behaviour is determined by the outcome of the observation model (Bandura, 1978). There is a high probability of behaviour imitation when the observed behaviour is reinforced on condition that the reinforcement is appealing to the observer. However, ifRead MoreIndustry Vs Inferiority Or Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory And Self-Adolency1444 Words   |  6 Pagescomplete in describing what it takes for the grade school child to develop mastery and competence, Erik Erikson Industry versus inferiority or Albert Bandura social learning theory and self-efficacy. Industry vs inferiority is stage four of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Industry versus inferiority is the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development. If the child cannot develop the specific skill they feel society is demanding (e.g., being athletic) then theyRead MoreThe social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become one of the most influential2500 Words   |  10 PagesThe social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become one of the most influential theories of learning and behaviour. The theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as social learning theory or modeling, this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors. The social learning theory does not explain all learning and behaviour, it fails to account for biological and innate behaviours suchRead MoreTheories Of Albert Bandura889 Words   |  4 P ages The Theories of Albert Bandura I chose to research Albert Bandura. Albert is a contemporary psychologist specializing in development and educational psychology. A lot of his work revolves around the social learning theory. He is one of the most widely- cited psychologists of all time. He was born in Alberta, Canada in a small town of Mundare. He was the youngest of six children, two of his siblings died when they were young one from a hunting accidentRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Psychology1551 Words   |  7 PagesSocial psychology seeks to identify and understand how society (i.e. family, community, sub groups, and peers, etc.) influences thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of the individual. Within the realm of social psychology, two prominent theorists emerge, Albert Bandura and Bernard Weiner. Both theorists have made great impacts within their fields, determining and describing cause and effect of social influences on the individual’s behaviors, but more importantly, how external contributors manifest into

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Organizational Behavior Management and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Behavior Management and Practice. Answer: Introduction The competitiveness among the business organization is increasing day by day and; therefore, the businesses are focusing on increasing their productivity and long-term performance. The employees or the human resource play a critical role in driving the performance of the business and improving organization effectiveness. Therefore, business organizations irrespective of their size try to retain their best employees in the organization. The business organizations also try to build relationships with their employees and motivate them to become more productive in their day to day life. They also develop strategies to increase the performance of the employees because if they are not able to manage their workforce properly they will not be able to achieve organization goals and retain their employees. Today, a large number of business organizations are acknowledging the importance of the human resource and realize that the employee not satisfied or not motivated to with their jobs will br eak their association with the organization and it will not be able to attain success (Podmoroff, 2016). In order to motivate the employees, the business organizations implements various financial and non-financial reward strategies.The financial rewards refer to the monetary gains which entice the employees to perform better. Money is fundamental to the employer-employee relationship. In a business organization, the employees work towards the aims of the organization and in its exchange get monetary benefits. Therefore, a business firm can use money to motivate the employees. However, the efficacy of money in motivating the employees to achieve targets more than their regular targets in unidentified. In this regard, in this essay, the impact of financial rewards in motivating the employees is explored. The thesis statement of the essay is, whether financial rewards, which are fundamental of employment relationship, can be effectively used in motivating the employees. Management Theories of Motivation In the twenty first century, the organizations are striving to achieve their targets and increase employee productivity. Several management theories have stated that the employee motivation is a critical factor in the organization development and productivity. Therefore, the organizations are focusing on enhancing the employee productivity by increasing their motivation level. The motivation can be defined as the psychological process which directs the behavior and gives a purpose to an individual. It is the predisposition of a person wherein a person behaves in a specific manner to accomplish the targets and the organization goals (Daft and Marcic, 2010). There are several management theories that centers motivation and state that there is a driving force in each employee which needs to be identified and triggered. The attribution theory of motivation states that the people put large efforts if their efforts will result in enjoyable outcomes. Moreover, if the outcomes of their efforts will result in high esteem then also the individuals will put strong efforts in their work. The cognitive and the self-efficacy theory state that the efforts of the employees are dependent upon their expectations with themselves and self-efficacy. The expectancy theory states that an individual works harder in expectation of some rewards for their efforts. The behavior of the employees can be both positive and negative dependent upon the outcomes of their performance. If the outcomes of the task are not motivating then it is highly unlikely that the individual will perform better. The cognitive theory states that the organization culture plays a critical role in the motivation and engagement of the employees. The individual employees are motivate in the organization is dependent upon the perception of the employees and if they assume that the incentives are worthy of their efforts. The employees will also be positive in the workplace if they presume that the targets are achievable to the (Javid and Chapa, 2014). The motivational needs of the employees can also be understood by Maslows pyramid of hierarchical needs wherein the levels are physiological needs, safety and security needs, social needs, esteem needs and the self-actualization. According to this postulation, the people desire to move to another level once they have achieved the previous level. Accordingly, once the people start earning money to satisfy their basic needs and security needs, they desire social status, reputation and recognition. Along with it, the employee motivation can be categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic needs. The extrinsic motivation factor are the external factors such as job security, remuneration amount, working conditions, status of the employees and flexibility and the employee friendly policies. However, these external factors can be categorized as the minimal requirements that keep the client satisfied. It means that if these extrinsic factors such are acceptable then they prevent the employees fro m getting dissatisfied. If the organization maintains the satisfactory level of these factors, the employees are not motivated to exceed their expected demands or requirements. However, in contrast to it, there are some factors which are crucial which develop the performance of employees. These are termed as intrinsic motivation factors. These factors include recognition, achievement, responsibility, growth opportunity and responsibility. The relationship between the employee payment and the job satisfaction is also very low and it becomes increasingly irrelevant in uninteresting tasks. In the task, where the employees are not motivated by the work itself, the financial remuneration is negatively correlated with the intrinsic motivation of the employees. Moreover, the employees motivated by the financial factors are less likely to perform better than those employees who are motivated by the work itself. Though money is a kind of motivation and satisfies the basic needs of the employees, it cannot motivate the employees to increase their productivity. A positive working environment can be established by enhancing the job-security and transparency in the work environment (Kulchmanov and Kaliannan, 2014). Impact of Monetary Remuneration The relationship between the employer and the employees is characterized by the financial and the monetary rewards and their exchange. The employees work to achieve the aims and of the organization and in return get monetary rewards. The financial rewards are also correlated with the growth needs and the value of the employee. They are a major motivating factor in the motivation of the employees; however, there are several other factors which are associated with keeping the employee motivated such as the organization culture and the growth prospects of the person in that particular organization. The impact of the remuneration or the financial rewards is also different as it generates different emotions in different employees. In some culture, the people identify and relate their worth in accordance to their wealth. Generally, the business organizations reward their employees in terms of their seniority and association with the organization, job status, competency and the performance in the organization. The different kind of financial rewards are associated with different returns such as rewards associated with seniority are aimed to reduce the turnover, and the rewards based on the job status are aimed to motivate the employees to compete and become productive. However, the seniority based rewards also reduce the turnover of the employees with lowest productivity. Along with it, the rewards associated with the job status encourage the employees to internally compete which create organization politics (Wilton, 2016). Nowadays, the organizations are also starting to provide competency based rewards to motivate the employees to increase their performance. It includes increasing workplace flexibility to keeps the employees motivated. However, the competency based rewards increases overall cost of the company as the assessment was totally subjective and the employees spend time in the acquisition of new skills. The financial rewards are crucial in motivating the employees early in their career. In the financial rewards, the money spent directly by the company in motivating the employees is higher than other non-financial rewards. The financial rewards given by the company can be categorized into cash bonus and the salary hikes. The overall salary and the compensation offered to the employees are major factor in keeping the employees motivated. The incentives or the cash bonus is additional payment or cash paid on top of the regular salary to encourage the employees to achieve the companys goals (Step hens, 2005). The bonuses are beneficial for the employees as well as the employer as the employees get additional money whereas the employer gets the best performance. The salary hike is done once or twice a year to retain the talented and senior employees within the organization. The percentage of the annual raise is specific to an organization and is dependent upon the performance, sales and loyalty of the employees. Usually, the raises are a percentage of the annual income and also associated with the promotion of the employees. Another monetary reward is commission which is directly associated with the performance of the employees. The commission is usually given to the people in sales and amounts to the amount of sales completed. The commission assists the employees to makes as much sales as possible to increase their commission. The employees get out of their way to increase the sales and so to increase their income. The companies also recruit the employees with high benefits package. The b enefits package of the organization wherein the direct compensation to the employees is low; however, the benefit package is higher makes the organization more appealing to the potential candidates. There are other types of financial rewards also such as profit sharing and piece work motivation (Latif and Saddiqui, 2014). In the recent years, the organizations are also shifting towards providing team-based awards and commissions according to the performance and the rank of the employees. Although these group based rewards are weakly linked with the motivation level of the employees, they impart a sense of ownership to the employees. These organization rewards include stock options and organizations share (Tech-Hong and Waheed, 2011). However, the monetary rewards are only successful in motivating the employees at a lower level. In senior positions, the employees are more concerned about position and prestige. The correlation between compensation, motivation and performance is complex. There is no specific relation between monetary compensation and performance at work at higher level. Even with the abundant resources, it difficult for the organizations in deciding the ideal salary to motivate the employees to perform better (Mills et al., 2006). Although money is a significant motivational factor in employee performance, it is sufficient in itself. The motivational value of money can be determined as its ability to make the job enjoyable and engage and satisfy the employees. The correlation between remuneration and the employee satisfaction is weak. Other factors such as organization culture and flexibility are crucial in increasing the employee satisfaction. Moreover, the employees who are motivated intrinsically have tendency to perform better which are extrinsically motivated. It means that the employees who enjoy work and are motivated by it performs better than the employees who are engaged by the money involved in it (Tech-Hong and Waheed, 2011). In regard to the high performing employees, the companies assume that since these employees are high performing, they are internally driven and do not require external motivation. The high performing employees perform their best as they receive market level compensation. However, money or the financial remuneration singularly cannot motivate employees. The expectation of receiving money in near future is highly motivational; however, the motivation diminishes, once the employee receives the money (Armstrong, 2007). Therefore, it can be posited that although money is important, the employees need more motivating factors. At the senior stages of career, the employees want to be recognized and acknowledged for their contribution to the organization. The employees want their organization to state that they have contributed to the success of the organization (Griffin, and Moorhead, 2013). The business enterprises can also not use money to change the behaviour and outlook towards. Although money is an essential motivating factor, and it motivates the every employee to some extent, it directs the work of the employee rather than motivating them. The impact of compensation in motivating the employees is also dependent upon the compensation design and the incentives structure. The failure in the compensation design can be due to the failure of linking the business objectives with the performance measures, providing performance feedback to the employees and design variance in incentives from the base salary which is motivating to the employees (Armstrong, 2002). The incentives system of the organization should be effectively designed so that the employees are willing to work harder and achieve targets. It means that the targets designed by the company should be achievable as well as the incentives should be lucrative enough to motivate the employees (Yousaf et al., 2014). As discussed above, the fundamental to the employee-employer relationship is money; it means that the employees work to obtain their remuneration. However, it is important that the organization do not underestimate the power of money in motivating the employees. Money is crucial in attracting talent and recruiting employees. However, once the employee is hired or within the organization it is important to provide the employees with other factors to keep motivating them. It can be argued that the flexibility in the workplace is other factor which motivates the employees to work harder according to their comfort. The employees expect they will be paid fairly according to their efforts; however, over-paying the employees provided little motivation to work harder (Kaufmann, Schulze and Veit, 2011). Therefore, along with money the companies should focus on other factors that encourage the employees to work harder. Moreover, money does not become a motivating factor after the employees hav e obtained the basic amenities in life. The employees are also motivated by money when they presume that their compensation is directly correlated to the performance of the employees. Therefore, it is important to introduce flexibility and positive organization culture to motivate the employees to achieve the organization goals. The driving force of each individual is also different. Money works for most of the individuals; however, the motivational factors for each employee are different. Some employee strive for money whereas, some employees strive for recognition and appreciation (Taylor and Taylor, 2011). Conclusion It can be concluded that the employee motivation is significant aspect in increasing the productivity of an organization. Many companies realize that employees are crucial resource of an organization to achieve their targets. Employee motivation is crucial in driving the employees to achieve their targets. In this regard, the business organizations implement several strategies to motivate the employees to achieve their targets. The companies implement both financial and non-financial reward system to encourage their employees to achieve more than their targets. The financial targets of an organization include incentive system, annual hikes and the cash bonuses. Although cash is an essential component of the employee motivation, it does not always yield desired results. It is due to the fact that different people get motivated by different driving force. At the senior positions, the impact of money in increasing the performance of the employees gets reduced and the people get motivate d by recognition and the social value. Therefore, it is important to introduce social value components such as recognition, and appraisal to enhance the performance of the employees. Moreover, the organization culture and the employee flexibility are also essential in the motivation of the employees. It has been identified in the essay that the people motivated by the work are more likely to deliver results than the employees who are motivated by the money. The thesis statement of the essay can be restated as, Although financial rewards are essential to employee motivation, they cannot be implemented singularly in motivating the employees. References Armstrong, M. (2002). Employee Reward. CIPD Publishing. Armstrong, M. (2007). A Handbook of Employee Reward Management and Practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Daft, R.L. and Marcic, D. (2010). Understanding Management. Boston: Cengage Learning. Griffin, R.W. and Moorhead, G. (2013). Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations. Boston: Cengage Learning. Javid, S. and Chapa, A. (2014). When Money is not a Motivating Force in the Work Place. Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: Arts Humanities Psychology 14(3). Kaufmann, N., Schulze, T. and Veit, D. (2011). More than fun and money. Worker Motivation in Crowdsourcing A Study on Mechanical Turk. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Detroit, Michigan August 4th -7th 2011. Kulchmanov, A. and Kaiannan, M. (2014). Does Money Motivate Employees? Empirical Study of Private and Public Financial Sector in Kazakhstan. International Journal of Business and Management 9(11), 214-124. Mills, A.J., Bratton, J. and Mills, J.C.H. and Forshaw, C. (2006). Organizational Behaviour in a Global Context. University of Toronto Press. Podmoroff, D. (2016). 365 Ways to Motivate and Reward Your Employees Every Day: With Little Or No Money. Atlantic Publishing Company. Stephens, T. (2005). Employee Reward. CIPD Publishing. Taylor, J. and Taylor, R. (2011). Working Hard for More Money or Working Hard to Make a Difference? Efficiency Wages, Public Service Motivation, and Effort. Review of Public Personnel Administration 31(1), 6786. Tech-Hong, T. and Waheed, A. (2011). Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene and Job Satisfaction in the Malaysian Retail Sector: Mediating Effect of Love of Money. Asian Academy of Management Journal 16(1), 73-94. Wilton, N. (2016). An Introduction to Human Resource Management. London: SAGE. Yousaf, S., Latif, M., Aslam, S. and Saddiqui, A. (2014). Impact of Financial and non-Financial Rewards on Employee Motivation. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 21(10), 1776-1786.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Issues Facing Medicare

Medicare plays an important role in the United States system of health care by providing more than 45 million American citizens with insurance cover. Medicare is a program established to provide health insurance to individuals regardless of the status of health and income level. Although it is mainly established to cater for health needs of the elderly (65 years and above), the program caters for the needs of about 7 million permanently disabled adults.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Facing Medicare – program established to provide health insurance. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Registered members contribute a certain amount of money throughout their working life so that together with their spouses, their health needs are catered for after they have retired. In order to meet the financial obligations faced by the Medicare system, funds have to be sourced from beneficiaries, revenues from the fed eral government and tax. At present, nearly all people aged 65 and above are insured by Medicare. Although it is a popular program, Medicare is currently faced with many challenges and issues. Issues Facing Medicare The greatest challenge facing Medicare is lack of sufficient funds to cater for health needs of the future generation. This is because of the high cost of health care and the increased number of baby boomers in the United States. Annual increase in the cost of health care has in turn increased expenditure. Studies conducted in 2010 show that the number of Medicare beneficiaries is likely to rise from 47 to 78 million by 2030. For instance, the estimated population of Baby Boomers expected to join Medicare in 2011 (individuals born between 1946 and 1964) was 77 million. To handle this number, Medicare needs some improvements. According to the Medicare Board of Trustees, if changes on the Medicare program are no put in place, the likelihood of the program being insolvent/b ankrupt by 2024 is high. The following measures have been suggested if the Medicare Trust Fund is to be financially stable beyond 2024. The salaries of physicians should be reduced by 40% and payments made to other companies providing services to the programs will also be deducted. According to government experts, available funds in Medicare Part A Trust Fund will not be enough to cater for full benefits of the large population. The experts also argue that the program requires additional revenue if it is to maintain the current benefits. This implies that beneficiaries will be forced to bear the burden of increased premiums. Today, 30% of the cost of healthcare comes from the pockets of the beneficiaries. These costs increased annually. Like health care expenditure, increased spending in Medicare is caused by the high cost of services offered in health systems, new technologies, and increased utilization of services.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see i f we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The increased amount of funds utilized in the Medicare program influence smooth running of other programs. For instance, annual expenditure is expected to increase to about $3 trillion in 2030. The federal government will be forced to adjust the budget to accommodate the requirement of the program. This will affect funding of other important sectors like education and defense. Because of the increased number of retirees, Medicare will lack funding because the workers will be few. This is because Baby Boomers include the largest percentage of employees in the United States. The economy of United States is largely determined by Baby Boomers because they are innovative. In addition to lack of funds, the program will need to hire more professionals to cater for the large number of retirees. This essay on Issues Facing Medicare – program established to provide health insurance. was written and submitted by user Haiden Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

The Abortion Debate essays

The Abortion Debate essays The debate on whether abortion is right has remained a longstanding source of contention among members of the various fronts of our society. On one hand, proponents claim of the view that making abortion illegal is a contradiction to the ability by women to enjoy their right to life and freedom of choice as fundamental human rights. Opponents on the other hand however claim of the view that abortion amounts to killing. For them, life begins at conception, making abortion for any reasons an act of killing. All in all, given common consensus among scientists that life begins at conception, and that pregnancy can be a threat to the life of women, abortion should be allowed only in serious cases. In the article, A Defense of Abortion, Thompson argues of eminent insufficiencies in most of the common arguments offered by either side on the abortion debate. First, Thompson argues on the view on the impermissible abortion ,even when such risks the life of the mother as an extreme view. For her, this argument is founded on poorly engaged premises given the fact that it seems to emphasize on the significance of the right to life the fetus with limited consideration to the right to life by the woman. In addition, this argument is limited in establishing a strong case against abortion since it uses the opinion of a third party as the basis for its conclusion. Since, the women owns their bodies, they should enjoy absolute right of defending it any threat posed on it by the unborn and such can involve killing of the unborn. Thompson also follows the view that third parties should not be allowed to help in commissioning an abortion to those mothers that desire one. This is because it fails to acknowledge the eminent inability by mothers to commission abortion without the assistance of a third party. For her, this argument seems to depict the inability by mothers to have priority over their bodies. However, for Thompson, claim to the body is ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

God-Centered Identity in a Me-Centered Culture Essay

God-Centered Identity in a Me-Centered Culture - Essay Example However, lip service from believers in stating their belief in God is never enough, as God requires the total translation of passion in his word and actions. In the event of God’s intervention to most situations of that human command His presence, people continue speaking of His greatness, but in normal situations, belief in God is just an assertive statement. This controversy between the saying and the actual belief of God in human lives dictates the direction of life that individuals have and their conception of spiritual identity. An assessment of the literature on spiritual identity God, Freedom and Human Dignity: Embracing a God-Centered Identity in a Me-Centered Culture by Ron Highfield comprehend if God’s embodiment in human life restricts spiritual freedom and diminishes human spiritual dignity. Assessment of the Literature Development of a Me-centered Culture In the process of development from childhood to adulthood, humans experience transitions in their self- identification processes. In the phase of childhood, children are never concerned about their role and impact in their society. Children are also never worried concerning the relationships they build with themselves and with others. In terms of spirituality, children freely follow their parents or guardians and conform to the teachings approved and certified by them. However, the transition into teenage hood makes the mind of one conscious about the decisions, activities and relationships development. This phase enables humans to understand their preferential habitual traits, beliefs and specific interests that results into talents. â€Å"The choices and actions chose during the teenage phase dictate the king of life that one maintains in adulthood† (Ron 17). Perception of God in Modern Self-Identity Culture Changes in modernity have transpired the self-identification process that enabled humans to discover and ascertain if their life preferences are worth the journey. Conven tional cultures allowed an individual to be authentic and experience life fulfillment by adhering to the natural and socially allocated relationships and roles. One was expected to conform to the terms and regulations provided by the seniors. Responsibilities were also implicated upon people, hence just conforming to their role in life development. However, the advent of modern culture has changed the perception of self-identity. Deep assessment concerning self worth are expounded to enable a human decide on the aspect that he or she will live with. Happiness is also considered as an aspect of helping people reconstruct themselves to the kind of life they would like to live. These strongly advocate for the denial of imposition of social relationships since one would end up building a fake identity not proposed by his or her expectations. According to Ron, this assessment of life reconstruction through identity creates the self me-centered phenomenon. Creating an appropriate me-cente red identity advocates for will power by rejecting the imposition of conferring social relationships. This phenomenon is responsible for clouding oppression and resentment of certain issues when confronted to a person. Self-identity makes one conscious of the role of religion, traditions, and morality among other things in his or her life. Self-identity makes one decide freely on the spiritual journey to follow, habitual traits to adopt but at the same time threatens

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

International Trade Theory & Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Trade Theory & Policy - Essay Example The model further assumes that all markets conducting trade are perfectly competitive; hence goods are priced according to costs within the countries that produce them where there is a competitive wage in each country. Another assumption is that labor is present in fixed supply in both countries and is static between countries yet perfectly mobile within each country. Modern formulations of the Ricardian model specify for both countries utility functions that the consumers represented maximize on the basis of budget constraints. According to the model, each country specializes in producing goods for which it has comparative advantage. This allows both countries to export goods for which it can gain profits (Bowen, Hollander & Viane, 1998). With such specialization, productivities and labor endowments determine food outputs; hence world prices are dictated by the countries’ demands, which is equal to the supply amount of one country in free and frictionless trade. Both countrie s gain from such trade as trade allows for the expansion of exports production and labor is reallocated to exports from importing industries. Additionally, trade under the Ricardian model increases the relative price of both countries’ exports. ... The model assumes that both trading countries have similar production technologies, thus producing identical output of any commodity can be attained with an equal capital and labor level in both countries (Suranovic, 2010). The model also assumes that output product has constant return to scale in order to produce equilibrium. Additionally, technologies utilized in the production of both commodities differ substantially and labor is costless in terms of mobility within countries. The model also assumes that commodities produced in the countries have similar prices everywhere and countries operate in perfectly competitive markets internally thus labor and capital do not affect prices or production factors. It also assumes that trade is free of government interference in market functioning. When labor becomes more expensive than capital, labor-intensive products are at a disadvantage and become quite expensive compared to products that are not labor-intensive. Under free trade, assumed in the Heckscher- Ohlin model of trade the price of goods in both countries is similar; hence the wage-rent ratio is also the same in both countries. However, when labor becomes expensive, more capital in needed to produce products that are labor intensive and those that are not (Krugman & Obstfeld, 1988). When machine use per worker is similar in both countries, these factors will falsify the equality of wage-rent ratio. Effects of tariffs imposed by â€Å"small† countries A small country refers to a country whose trading partner is big enough to meet its imports supply. Tariffs imposed by small countries increase the price of imports above world prices by the value of the tariff (Jonathan & Kortum, 2002). This

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Free trade is the primary force driving economic development Essay

Free trade is the primary force driving economic development - Essay Example Trade liberalisation has become a focal point of many economic forums across the globe. Globalisation has made it easier for countries to look beyond their own borders for economic growth. Countries have recognised the fact that economic growth is a collective effort and all the countries need to work together on this front. Although many developed countries are still practising protectionism, they have realised the importance of free trade in economic development. Several bilateral agreements and multilateral agreements have been signed by many countries to allow flow of goods amongst the member countries. In most of the cases countries that have participated in free trade agreements have experienced rise in living standards, growth in income. This growth curve experience by several countries due to free trade agreements is clear indication of the importance of free trade agreement in economic development. Multilateral agreements drafted under World trade organisation (WTO) and Gene ral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are aimed at influencing nations to opt for trade liberalisation. There are many bilateral agreements which have been formulated between nations geographically located near to each other. Trade liberalisation is a well negotiated procedure where each party, agrees to make some concession in opening up their markets for foreign goods. Free trade has a huge impact on improving the quality and infrastructure of the host as well as the foreign country. Due to free trade, industry standards are raised high in order to compete with global scenario (Buckley & Boulle, 2008, p. 185-189). 2. Evolution of Free Trade Policy and Its Mechanism The international trade, especially during world war two suffered a huge loss. Most countries were involved in conflicts arising mainly due to trade disputes. These trade disputes were mainly caused by the discriminations and trade restrictions implied by the several countries to protect their markets from foreign p layers. It was in 1948 in Havana that a conference was held on trade and employment under the flagship of United Nations. The formation of International trade organisation (ITO) was a landmark in the attempt by international community to form an agency overlooking international trade issues. ITO was dissolved later as it did not get the green signal from the US congress. The US congress on the other hand opted for an ad-hoc agreement like General agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). In 1947 at Geneva GATT was agreed on and signed by 23 countries. GATT was legally effective from 1948. GATT thereby is an agency which overlooks the rules and international laws governing international trade. All the trade disputes amongst the signatory parties are resolved by GATT. The most effective clause in GATT is the MFN clause, under which all participating nations are forced to treat all signatory nations as equal in all trade policies. GATT emphasises on influencing signatory countries to redu ce their tariffs and abolish any concessions given to a specific country. Though GATT gave more stability than ITO, it was often tainted by complaints from developing countries. Developing countries often complained about the policies formulated in GATT. The developed countries were often seen to follow protectionism in their trade policies. The formation of United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 1964 was a direct implication of the dissatisfaction amongst the developing countries regarding GATT (Singh & Singh, 2005, p.1-9). One of the greatest outcomes of the Uruguay Round was the formation of World Trade Organisation (WTO). WTO was

Friday, November 15, 2019

How Self-Motivation can Create a Positive Impact on Your Life?

How Self-Motivation can Create a Positive Impact on Your Life? Introduction Self-motivation is a process wherein a person develop ways on how to keep his or her self motivated at all times despite challenging times and without direct help from other people. Experts say that self-motivation is a very important factor in a persons life because this will help him or her see things in a positive way. This will also enable him or her to overcome challenges by developing an attitude that could withstand trials and failures.If one is able to develop a good outlook in life, everything will start falling into their proper places. In fact, he or she might even be surprised of the things that were able to accomplished in that span of time. THE ABCs OF SELF MOTIVATION If you are one of those who have just realized the importance of self-motivation and would want to start it but you just dont know how, here are some of the things that can help you: Re-assess yourself. Many people think that they know themselves already that is why they decline to do self-assessment regularly. Experts say that these people dont realize that the more that they decline doing self-reassessment, the more that they get stuck to their own routine which leaves them lesser room for improvement. If you want to start with constant self-motivation, it is best that you know yourself very well. If you know yourself well, you will know your weaknesses as well as your strengths. Once you were able to identify all of these, it will be easier for you to set goals for yourself that are within your reach and your capabilities. Knowing ones self will also enable you to take note of your weaknesses and find ways on how to overcome, manage, and deal with them. The same works for your strengths because you might even find a way on how to improve them. Start with small and simple goals. Dont put too much pressure on yourself. If you are just starting with self-motivation, it will be best if you start small and simple so you wont feel defeat when you werent able to meet the standards you have set for yourself. If you start with small and simple things, you are giving yourself the chance to accomplish bigger things ahead. Keep track of your progress. Monitoring how well or bad you are doing will help you maneuver things that find ways that would best work for you. For a person who is just starting with his or her self-motivation process, it is best to keep track of how you are doing so you will know where are the areas that you should improve on and what are the things that you should continue doing. Find time to share and help others. Self-motivation is a process that indirectly involves other people for it to be successful. If you think you are doing well at your own pace, it would help if you find time to share the experience as well as the ideas to others so you will influence them. If the people-especially those that matter to you-see that you are doing good and self-motivation is creating a big impact in your life, they would even might want to try the same thing that you are doing.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

International Marketing MacDonald`s Essay

This paper will look at the development of the McDonalds Corporation in Kazakhstan and the obstacles that it has overcome. It will also look at the McDonalds Corporation in relation to its major competitors and analyze how the company has responded to its surrounding environment. In closing, we will look at the prospects for McDonald’s future and it will be clear that McDonalds will be able to maintain its dominant market position. It will continue to be a model that serves as a benchmark for others in the industry. We will go on to analyze the market segments, target market, advertisement of the corporation to the target audience and performance of McDonald’s Corporation. 1.0 Introduction McDonalds Corp., headquartered in Oak Brook Illinois, is the world’s number one fast food chain, serving about 49 million customers daily. The company operates and licenses more than 31,000 restaurants 30,000 McDonald’s in about 120 countries which generated a total $19.06 million in revenues for the fiscal year of 2012. McDonald’s brand is one of the ten most popular brands worldwide. Continuous marketing, promotional and public relations activities promote McDonald’s brand image in order to differentiate the Company from its many competitors. McDonald’s restaurant offer a menu that is uniform to all locations and emphasizes low value prices which includes its famous burgers, cheeseburgers like the Big Mac, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, several chicken sandwiches, Chicken McNuggets, french fries, salads, desserts, sundaes, soft drinks and other beverages. Its restaurants also provide breakfast menu that would include Egg McMuffin, bagel sandwiches, hotcakes, and muffins. Many new products were introduced in the last two years in accordance to the management’s decision to establish a new menu with more choices that is expected to bring a significant growth in sales as it was already shown by the financial results of 2012 which the highest increase in US comparable sales for the last 30 years. The successful manager constructs a marketing program designed for optimal adjustment to the uncertainty of the business climate. The inner circle represents the area under control of the marketing manager. Assuming the necessary overall corporate resources structures, and competencies that can limit or promote strategic choice the marketing manager blends price, product, promotion, channels-of-distribution, and research activities to capitalize on anticipated demand. The controllable elements can be altered in the long run and, usually, in the short run to adjust to changing market conditions, consumer tastes, or corporate objectives. Kazakhstan, from the Kazakh language, means a land of Kazakhs Stan – land. Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia, and is the ninth largest country in the world after Russia, China, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India and Australia. It is situated north of Uzbekistan, northwest of Kyrgyzstan, northwest of Turkmenistan, east of China, and south of Russia. Kazakhstan shares the Caspian Sea with other countries on its western border. As its neighbors in the region, Kazakhstan is a landlocked country and the second largest republic of the Commonwealth of Independent States after the Russian Federation. Kazakhstan doesn`t have MacDonald’s in the market. However it is really good opportunity to bring the fast food to a new market and get to know the culture. There must be a reason behind not having world’s most famous fast food corporation in a big country. According to my research it is possible to bring new product to the new market and get success in that market. 2.0 Objectives 1. To introduce MacDonald`s to a new market in Kazakhstan city of Almaty 2. To open 20 franchise by the end of 2015 in Almaty, Kazakhstan 3. To increase sales in fast food in 5 coming years. 4. To increase the customers till 50% by the end of 1st year. 3.0 Issues The theoretical framework of this study is based on a number of relevant theories that are discussed in this part. The model which authors constructed in this study integrates cross-culture and 4P marketing strategy. It can be divided into two parts. Firstly, the authors will analyze some components of culture which lead to the phenomenon of cross culture, such as the different values, languages and customer behaviors. During this process, Hofstede‟s culture dimensions will be employed as the approach to understand cross-culture better. Secondly, based on the analysis of marketing standardization and adaptation, the marketing mix 4ps as main international marketing strategies will be used to achieve our research purpose. When marketers discuss international marketing, one of the important issues often considered is the cultural differences. In relation to international marketing, culture can be defined as â€Å"the sum total of learned beliefs, values, and customs that serve to direct consumer behavior in a particular country‟s market† (Doole and Lowe, 2008, p.73). Such components as beliefs, values and customs are often ingrained in a society and have obvious differences among different countries. Cultural differences manifest themselves in several ways. Hofstede (2001) distinguishes symbols, heroes, rituals and values. Among theseï ¼Å'the underlying values are invisible. Although values are always invisible and may be hard to measure, they often play an important role when the marketers try to make decisions, which help to enter a foreign market. Also, according to Mooij (2004), the values that characterize a society cannot be observed directly. They can be inferred from various cultural products (fairy tales, children‟s books, or advertising) or by asking members of society to score personal values by stating their preferences among alternatives, and then calculating the central tendency of the answers. When it comes to marketing, the value concept is often used in an ethnocentric way. Besides, values are learned unconsciously, people are only partly aware of them, and measuring values is not an easy job (Lowe et al, 1998). Often, the problems they face are a result of their mistaken assumption that foreign markets will be similar to the home market, and so they can do the business in a similar way. Doole and Lowe (2007) point out that the values of a culture satisfy a need within that society for order, direction and guidance. Culture sets the standards shared by significant sections of that society which, in turn, set the rules for operating in that market. Mooij (2003) considered that the managers of transnational corporations should provide appropriate products according to the local consumer values and buying behaviors of a certain market. The product strategy owing to cultural factors, usage factors and legal factors. Hall (1990) described some countries‟ culture is high-context culture. 3.1 SWOT Analysis 3.2 Strength MacDonald’s has a strong global presence with its nearest domestic competitor being only half its size, McDonald’s is the market leader in both the domestic and international markets. MacDonald’s benefit from cost reduction through economies of scale because of its enormous size and its huge global presence allows it to diversify risk involved with the economic performance of specific countries. In international markets, MacDonald’s is well placed to expand and take advantage of long-term economic growth. MacDonald’s also has a strong real estate portfolio. The company’s outlets are located in areas that are highly known for visibility, traffic volume and ease of access. MacDonald’s also has exceptional brand recognition. This strong brand recognition creates significant opportunities for the company. MacDonald’s is able to generate more sales because of its brand recognition. 3.3 Weakness The food industry is really saturated. As a result of this, MacDonald’s has to deal with the prospect of looming market saturation, which could make it difficult to add new outlets. The market is forecast to grow by around 2% per year. Lack of product innovation is another weakness of McDonalds. The last breakthrough for McDonald’s was the Chicken McNugget in 1983, but again the company’s new strategy seems to have successfully dealt with the problem through the popularity of its new salads and other new products. 3.4 Opportunity MacDonald’s sold its Donatos Pizzeria back to its founder in 2003 and discontinued Boston market operations outside of the US. The company will instead focus on Chipotle Grill which is the company’s most successful non MacDonald’s branded chain of restaurants. Also to increase profitability the company has slowed its expansion of McDonald’s restaurants so as to refurbish and change the image of current restaurants and adding new features such as Internet access. 3.5 Treats McDonald’s is exposed to changes in the global economy. The company’s aggressive international expansion has left it extremely vulnerable to other countries economic slowdown. Foreign currency fluctuation is also another problem global companies like McDonalds. The Fast food industry is becoming an increasingly competitive sector. MacDonald’s keeps up with competitors through expensive promotional campaigns which leads to limited margins to gain market share. McDonald’s is attempting to differentiate itself, with new formats and new menu items, but other fast food industry are doing the same too. 4.0 Marketing MacDonald`s in Kazakhstan 4.1 Marketing Mix The marketing mix can be adjusted on a frequent basis, to meet the changing needs of the target group, and the other dynamics of the marketing environment Barlon and Kimuli (2006). They are as follows: product, price, place, and promotion. Having identified its key audiences, a company has to ensure a marketing mix is created those appeals specifically to those people. The marketing mix is a term used to describe the four main marketing tools the 4Ps. By analyzing detailed information about their customers, as derived from ongoing market research, the McDonald’s Marketing department can ascertain information key to determining the correct marketing mix. * Which products are well received in Kazakhstan * What prices consumers are willing to pay * What TV programmers, newspapers and advertising consumers read and view * Which restaurants are visited Accurate research is essential in creating the right marketing mix which will help to win customer loyalty and increase sales. As the economy and social attitudes change, so do buying patterns. McDonald’s needs to identify whether the number of target customers is growing or shrinking and whether their buying habits will change in the future. Market research considers everything that affects buying decisions. These buying decisions can often be affected by factors wider than just the product itself. Psychological factors are important, e.g. the image a particular product conveys or how the consumer feels when purchasing it. These psychological factors are of significant importance to the customer. They can be even more important than the products’ physical benefits. Through marketing, McDonald’s establishes a promine nt position in the minds of customers. This is known as branding. 4.2 Product The important thing to remember when offering menu items to potential customers is that there is a huge amount of choice available to those potential customers with regard to how and where they spend their money. Therefore McDonald’s places considerable emphasis on developing a menu which customers want. Market research establishes exactly what this is. However, customers’ requirements change over time. What is fashionable and attractive today may be discarded tomorrow. Marketing continuously monitors customers’ preferences. At any time a company will have a portfolio of products, each in a different stage of its cycle. Some of McDonald’s options are growing in popularity while arguably the Big Mac is at the ‘maturity’ stage. 4.3 Price The customer’s perception of value is an important determinant of the price charged. Customers draw their own mental picture of what a product is worth. A product is more than a physical item; it also has psychological connotations for the customer. The danger of using low price as a marketing tool is that the customer may feel that a low price is indicative of compromised quality. It is important when deciding on the price to be fully aware of the brand and its integrity. 4.5 Promotions The promotions aspect of the marketing mix covers all types of marketing communications. One of the methods employed is advertising, sometimes known as ‘above the line’ activity. Advertising is conducted on TV, radio, in cinema, online, using poster sites and in the press for example in newspapers and magazines. What distinguishes advertising from other marketing communications is that media owners are paid before the advertiser can take space in the medium. Other promotional methods include sales promotions, point of sale display, merchandising, direct mail, telemarketing, exhibitions, seminars, loyalty schemes, door drops, demonstrations, etc. 4.6 Place Place, as an element of the marketing mix, is not just about the physical location or distribution points for products. It encompasses the management of a range of processes involved in bringing products to the end consumer.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

12 Years a Slave Themes

The pain and abuse experienced by Solomon Northrup in his 12 years of slavery, like the millions of other slaves who were kidnapped in Africa and sold across the U. S. , is a tragic example of the pain one society can inflict upon another group of people. The movie 12 Years A Slave graphically portrays the horrors of slavery in America, and demonstrates the shame of the system, using the incredible irony in the story of Solomon Northrup. Since he had a dpcument that said he was a free black man, he was treated by others as a fellow man, but after he was kidnapped he was considered property, like an animal.There was no change in Solomon himself as a person; only a corrupt system declared that he could now be owned as nothing said otherwise. Only a paper could take away your humanity. Additionally, the slave masters and traders, including Solomon Northrup’s, felt that they did not just have the right to treat their slaves however they liked, they also claimed they had the right to, even more simply, own their fellow man. And by decree of the American government, they were fully at liberty to do so.Both examples point to a major theme of the movie, and applies to the slavery system that was in existence all over the Western world: dehumanization. The black slaves who were abused and exploited by the American policy of slavery had their humanity stripped away from them, and were considered the same as any other property of the owner. In contrast, the slave owners who considered fellow humans their own property and whom they could abuse at their leisure had their ideas of justice led so astray by the permitting of slavery that they seemed to lack basic human qualities themselves, including compassion and a sense of reason.The plight of the slaves is summed up perfectly when a fellow slave tells Solomon Northrup, after throwing the body of another slave into the ocean, that â€Å"he was better off dead†. It is quite astounding that such young men and wo men felt that their best option was to die, instead of being faced with the horrors they did daily. Although, it can appear quite reasonable, as slaves were most often born on a plantation, and had no hope of dying free. They could not establish any goals for themselves, as their entire life was forced to be devoted to fulfilling the needs of their masters.This is quite like the lives of many animals, and not humans. Animals are born and try to maintain their existence, but establishing goals to accomplish anything greater is strictly a human attribute. With this basic human characteristic taken from slaves, they were only left with a few human attributes- their own physical bodies, and their spirits; although the former was often abused by the frequent lashes â€Å"awarded† by the masters, which left very prominent scars on the back. For slaves however, maintaining their spirit and dignity, was probably far more complex. Every single event in the life of a slave dehumanized them.Firstly, the auctions, where slaves were forced to strip down and dance like monkeys so prospective buyers could evaluate their abilities. Then, a price was put on their head, and white men could simply buy another human being, and then take him home and enslave him. Also, no differentiation was made between men and youth (as displayed in one scene where all slaves walk beside each other) to carry an identical workload, no matter if one was 12 or 25. Masters had the power to do as they pleased with their slaves after purchase, but only them as a slave was their own personal property.In a confrontation, a plantation supervisor instructed some others after trying to lynch Solomon that â€Å"Ford (plantation owner) holds the mortgage, and you have no hold to his life†. It is incredibly ironic that since they did not own Solomon, they could not lynch, but whoever does can do as he pleases. All this dehumanizing torture would definitely break the spirit of almost any human. B ut, Solomon tried to maintain his, and ensure others did as well, at all costs. He was willing to take vicious punishment for standing up to a supervisor.Also, after noticing another female slave crying endlessly, he told her that â€Å"You let yourself be overcome by sorrow, you will drown in it†. Clearly Northrup tried his best to maintain his dignity, but prior to the exciting conclusion of his story, there is a very telling scene. Solomon was playing violin at a dance for his master and their friends. The violin represented for him a human experience, as he was able to accomplish more than just picking cotton, and the sound of an instrument is one of the most powerful human experiences.Although, at this ball, as he plays, the sorrowful background music of the movie plays over his song, and clouds out the sound of his violin. After the ball Solomon smashed his violin into thousands of pieces. He recognized that even in a very human activity, he was still serving his master , and the music he played and everything he felt as a result of the music, all belonged to his owner. Despite the dramatization, it still vividly shows the despicable dehumanization suffered by slaves, and even those who tried to maintain their human dignity, eventually had everything stripped away.The slaves who had their humanity taken away were abused so greatly by their masters that for a viewer, it was hard to imagine these masters as human, just as they thought of their slaves. Especially further down the Mississippi, like at Northrup’s plantation in Louisiana, the masters treated their slaves so poorly it was impossible to see them as human beings. Most notably, when whipping their slaves, masters stood over their workers and lashed them, with the lack of remorse of a jockey standing over his horse. When talking about whipping his slaves, Solomon’s Louisiana master said: â€Å"Sin. There is no sin.A man does as he pleases with his property. † The master m akes no recognition of the pain he inflicts upon his â€Å"property†, and it forces the viewer to see him as almost a sociopath. The same master also singled out an individual slave, Patsy, and tormented her in a way no true human would do. He was involved sexually with her, most likely against her will. He also whipped her brutally, and even once got Solomon to whip her, in order to see both of them suffer. Other white men demonstrated similar non-human characteristics. At a slave auction, one buyer rhetorically asked a slave: â€Å"Are you a slave or nigger? †.He showed so little respect for another human that it was simply impossible to see him as one either. The extreme cruelty was probably not something the owners were born with, though. It was something engrained in them by slavery being officially permitted and promoted. With official support for slavery, and no real regulations, owners were practically encouraged to abuse their slaves. They learned nothing abou t the history of slavery or their individual slaves, so it was impossible for them to have any connection or compassion for their slaves. It could be considered the original ill-informed, American-centric principle.Truly, the masters such incredibly poor conduct and abuse of their slaves, no matter the justification dehumanized them as well, as no proper person could act in such a terrible way. It is quite impossible to understand the moral justification for slavery in the U. S. No doubt the economic prospective was immense, but the responsibility of a government established â€Å"for the people† is responsible for just that, and encouraging slavery does just the opposite.It is indicative of a society, which at times even today, is more concerned with mythical end goals, than  for the people who build and achieve them. The dream of the American South was to develop a perfect agrarian society, where man’s religion and property were his own, and were respected by the g overnment and others. However, only the plantation owners were considered in this fantasy. Yes, the quantity of labour from the slaves was essential in the development of the country as a whole, and a failure to fully employ their ample natural resources would have greatly stunted the development of the new country’s economy, but the method taken contradicted the true goals of the country when it was established.Even Thomas Jefferson decried slavery in the Missing Clause of the constitution, and said â€Å"†. However, slavery existed for nearly 100 more years in the U. S. after Jefferson, as the South still considered it the best option for developing the country. Maybe it was justified then because the 14 million slaves who built American industry weren’t even considered human, they were only considered slaves.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Daniel Erasmus and the strategic merging of internal and external planning within organisations The WritePass Journal

Daniel Erasmus and the strategic merging of internal and external planning within organisations Introduction Daniel Erasmus and the strategic merging of internal and external planning within organisations IntroductionReferences:Related Introduction Daniel Erasmus (2008), stated that, scenarios is the process which merge inside and outside planning within organisations in order to create a new strategic planning to the future. However, scenario planning created in 1960 by shell group planning ina; order to become the eyes that perceive the prospect of the world future outside the organisation, by showing the right direction that most influences the company environment. Therefore, it is described as a graphic with is detailed and probability view of how the business environment of the company will develop in the future according to the performance of the group and influences, (Lynch 2003). Moreover, (kotler 2003) also argues that scenario planning as the stability of creating possibility illustration of the company prospectively future in different theories about motivating the market as well differentiations suspicions. According to Kippenberger, (1999), private and public organisations both derive the business environmental that is diversity. Whereas, the companies have to be prepare in order to cope with variety changes internal and internal and they must to become to perceive the image about the changes in the future possibility within the business environment. Nevertheless, business must to consider using one scenario prospect as strategic planning, so it will then be possible to have visionary of what might happen and having the solutions to solve problems, this will allows the company to create their own business strategies. References: danielerasmus.com/publications_files/Introduction%20to%20Scenario%20Thinking_1.pdf

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Black Robe - Movie Review essays

Black Robe - Movie Review essays "Black Robe" is a movie that tells the story of the first contacts between the Huron Indians of Quebec and the Jesuit missionaries from France who came to convert them to Catholicism, but ended up delivering the Indians into the hands of their enemies. The Jesuits saw the "Savages", as they called them, as souls to be saved. The natives saw the Black Robes, as they called them, as destroyers and "demons" threatening the gods and sorceries, which ordered their lives. Out of that, a big conflict between two cultures is shown. Those first brave Jesuit priests did not realize that it was not the right thing to do, because a burning faith and an absolute conviction drove them. Only much later it was apparent that the European settlement of North America led to the destruction of the original inhabitants, not their salvation. Father LaForgue, a Jesuit, undertakes a long and arduous journey in winter, guided by the Algonquins, threatened by the Iroquois. It is a torturous experience, and "Black Robe" visualizes it in very realistic depictions of Indian life. Throughout the movie we can very well find details of the housing of the Indians, their methods of hunting and food procurement and the way they use absolute trust and cooperation of each other to fight against the deadly climate. It also becomes clear that the Indians had their own religious and belief systems already in place, and that none of them had much use for Jesus and the other gifts of Christianity. This is clearly shown in a scene when the Jesuit priest is trying to explain the advantages of going to Heaven, and the Indians he is with laugh at him - the cultural context is incompatible and communication with understanding is impossible. On the other hand, for the white people it is hard to understand the brutality and torture that is part of Indian life. When Iroquois are torturing the Jesuit priest and his party, the young Frenchman says: "They are Iroquois, they are a...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Managing People and the Impact on Organizational Performance Literature review

Managing People and the Impact on Organizational Performance - Literature review Example The further accomplishment of employees is executed by the performance management, which involves employees in contributing the organizations’ goals, improving their effectiveness and helping the employees themselves to realize their importance. The following paper will examine certain mechanisms, through which organizations manage to improve their performance; it will show the relation of performance management to HRM and its role in the contemporary context; will identify the component parts of performance management systems; will represent critique to the rationale for culture management. In order to measure and improve the organization productivity, businesses define and develop different programs that monitor the outcomes of each member of the organization to be aligned with the overall strategic goals. The results of such programs will ensure the companies levels set for finance, for example, the level of consumers’ satisfaction or the products quality levels. There are also different techniques that enable businesses to manage and improve the organizational performance. Thus, the effective time management will improve the productivity of workers and help the organization to reach its goals. Numerous training and development sessions are able to improve individual productivity and thus make a positive impact on organizational performance. To improve employees’ engagement and performance, companies can use such mechanisms as effective communication that enables to see clear goals and expectation of employees. Sharing information increases employeesâ₠¬â„¢ sense of ownership. Besides, active promotion of organizational values, ethical considerations and reputation make employees care for their organization, enhancing their effective contributions.  

Friday, November 1, 2019

Mohammed Ibn Abdul Wahab and Wahhabism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mohammed Ibn Abdul Wahab and Wahhabism - Essay Example For the purpose of this essay, we shall restrict our discussion to Wahhabi Islam and its influences on current Islamic fundamentalism and the society as a whole. This especially involves Islamic terrorism since Wahhabi Islam is considered to be the premier fundamentalist religious movement supporting it and still incorporates religious beliefs and principles from Koran not found anywhere else in the world. Mohammad ibn bd ul-Wahab was a reformist born in 1703 in Central Arabia in Bani Tamim tribe. He learned literature at a Hanifite school, Islamic law at Medina, and then after few years in his hometown, commenced working as an Islamic teacher after returning to Nejd. Influenced by his examination of luxuries of life, superstitious pilgrimages, worship of Prophet Mohammed and other saints rather than the God and use of omens, he was repulsed and began to pronounce simplicity of early religion as per Koran. Thus began a sect now known as Wahhabism. There was considerable difference in religious texts and actual situation on ground in practical Islam. He was amazed at the importance given to practices like pilgrimages, saints, sacrifices while non-adherence to Islamic law, indifference to conditions of women, widows and children, lack of ritual prayers and non-inheritance of family share to women. He began to preach against jahilliya, which meant ignorance of Islamic laws. Jahilliya was a term in Islam referring to barbarism and ignorance that existed before Islam was founded. Paradoxically, while Wahhab recognized himself with Prophet Mohammed in principles, he connected his society with he same evils that the prophet attempted to overthrow. (Cline, 2003) Because so many Muslims lived (or so he claimed) in jahiliyya, Abd-ul Wahhab accused them of not being true Muslims at all. Those who followed the strict teachings of al-Wahhab were proclaimed as true Muslims during the period because only they still followed the path laid out by Allah. Accusing someone of not being a true Muslim is significant because it is forbidden for one Muslim to kill another; but if someone is not a true Muslim then killing them (in war or in an act of terrorism) becomes legitimate. It would be hard to underestimate the importance of this principle to modern terrorists and extremists. He also based his preachings on principle of uniqueness of God and his students were called as Muwahuddin (Unitarians). The basic text of Wahhabis is the Kitab at-tawhid or the book of unity. Their critics called them Wahhabis who mainly concentrated against Shia ideologies. While this word was originally used in a derogatory context, it has now become commonplace and is used by even people in Nejd. Most Wahhabis today live in Saudi Arabia. However, with passage of time and influx of notorious money, their influence has spread in many other countries of the middle-east, central and South Asia. Implementation of Wahhabism Mohammed Ibn Abd'ul Wahhab's directions for implementation of Islamic law as per his interpretation of Koran were strict and non-tolerant. All non-believer Islamists as well as non-Islamic people were to be put to death immediately. Soldiers of Islam were promised immediate entrance into Paradise and, unbelievably, each soldier had a written order from Ibn Abd-ul Wahhab for the gatekeeper to admit him in heaven forthwith. Wahhab died in 1791, and Wahhabism spread until it was broken down by Mehemet

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

PLENTY Kitchen Roll Advertising Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PLENTY Kitchen Roll Advertising Campaign - Essay Example These have a wider use widely because their usage is not limited to the kitchens. In case, you have a problem with cleaning your garage equipment’s, plenty kitchen rolls offer a solution. The idea is to make several layers of paper that can absorb grease from equipment leaving them sparkling clean. The product is usable when  wrapping food before putting it in a lunch box  (Crawford & Freedman, 2010). When planning to go for an outing, then one of the items you should not forget to carry is Plenty kitchen rolls. The reason being, it has outdoor usages that other towels cannot be able to meet as they are usable for first aids in case of a nosebleed. During product value proposition, it is imperative to understand the values or services it can deliver or fail to fulfil in the market. Key competencies are important considerations in value proposition. They outline the strategic advantages customers are most likely to derive from the product. Plenty kitchen roll has notable strategic advantages to its users. It has a honeycomb structure that renders it easy to use. They are ultra-absorbent for use on wet surfaces. The product is durable because they can be intact for a long time. They are applicable in cleaning various surfaces including spills and oil and grease blockages in sinks. An outstanding product value proposition should identify and define the target market and customers’ population. It defines the necessities of potential customers most likely to be served by the product (Rafinejad 2007, p. 84). It helps define how best to attain the customers’ demands. The most eligible customers for the product, Plenty kitchen roll, are domestic chefs. Domestic chefs use the product to clean their kitchen and other unclean surfaces. Operators of restaurants, where cleaning of cooking surfaces is important, also find Plenty kitchen roll useful. A compelling value proposition should outline the various competitors that the product faces in

Monday, October 28, 2019

The Important Things in Life Essay Example for Free

The Important Things in Life Essay In life there are many things that we can get caught up in, but sometimes it is important to focus on the things that are really important such as family, friends and hobbies. By changing the focus in life from the every day hectic problems to these important things it is easier to survive the daily stress. Family is one of the most important things in life, because family members are the people who spend the most time with us and who help us through the stressful times in life. They are the people who understand and support us and accept us for who we are. Friends are another important aspect of life, because friends keep us grounded and can share the secrets we do not want to share with our family. They share many of our experiences and our dreams. Friends are important, because they are the people who choose to be around us. One additional thin that helps us deal with stress is to spend time with the things we enjoy such as studying or creating art. Everyone has some kind of thing they enjoy that can take the stress of the day away if the person takes the time to enjoy them. Every person needs to set priorities in life and take the time to enjoy the things that are important. The things like work, school and life will still be there the next day, but after taking time to enjoy a little time they will be easier to face. It is important for our overall health to take time out for the things we enjoy in life. Patterns in Art Anyone who is creative is fascinated with art. Personal studies in art are a way to learn about the world in which we live. One of the first and most basic studies in art is the use of repetition to form a pattern. It is human nature to group things together that appear to belong together. It is a skill most children master by the age of three. We must be able to group objects and text together, in order to make sense of the world or at the very least learn to read. Words are simply grouping letters together in a pattern devised by someone else. We learn to group things first by sorting out the items that look alike (squares in one pile, circles in another). As we get older, the sorting mechanics become more complicated, but the premise remains the same. We still sort items by what seems to go together. Some ways to do this are by drawing lines to section off groups, using color to blend the groupings, or simply by the use of spacing to separate groups. Repetition helps create unity giving the viewer a sense of completion. Use a quilt for example, one quilt block is interesting to see, but it doesn’t look complete, until you add on the other blocks. This helps if a design appears to need something to make it look complete, an artist can try repeating it. Similarity in shapes helps to create unity by playing to the natural human instinct that like things go together. Most people have an ingrained knowledge that stripes and flowers do not go together, but if you put big dots with smaller dots, it works. In order to make the design more interesting, the shapes could be changed somewhat (rotated, flipped, colors changed). This manipulation maintains the unity, but adds character. Again, a perfect example of this is quilt designs. They show ways that repetition and manipulation of shapes helps to make an interesting pattern (Rhine, 2004). Emphasis is created for many reasons maybe the emphasis is something of importance or interest. It may be the most creative part of the design or the part the artist is the most proud of. Placing the emphasis on a background that is either significantly darker or lighter than the emphasized item would make it stand out more. Coloring it in a bright, bold color makes it draw the viewer’s attention. Resources: Rhine, Marjorie, February 2004, Quilt Design Northwest, Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www. quiltdesignnw. com/ Art and Design What is the Difference? The first thing they teach someone in child psychology class is that children are not born with preformed ideas or images. Until a person sees something an image cannot be formed in that person’s mind. Therefore, if something has not yet been invented, its image could not yet exist. It may be true that the idea might exist (example. before Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, probably most people had the idea that a better way to communicate was needed. Until, it was actually in solid form; however the image of a telephone did not exist). People build upon current technology to generate ideas for new art or inventions. An example of this is how Henry Ford used the idea of the wheel and horse drawn vehichles to create the first car. Art is defined as â€Å"the product of human creativity† or â€Å"the creation of beautiful or significant thing† (Farlex, n. d) Design is defined as â€Å"To create a detailed plan of something. (Encarta, n. d. ). In short, art means to create and design means to create a plan. The relationship between the two are obvious Both use human creativity one requires a clear thought through plan, where as the other may or may not be planned. A person can throw a paint can at a wall and call it art, but it is not a design. Drawing an animated movie requires thought about what needs to be done to create the precise scene needed to create the illusion of movement. Both are works of art and the creative process, but only one has design. The relationship between design and art has remained constant throughout history. For many years there has been controversy between abstract artists, whose work rarely required a plan and those who have spent time painstakingly getting every detail of a face correct. Both have always called their work art and both have been correct. In graphic design, a plan is needed to either tell a story or portray a specific idea; therefore both the creativity of art and the preciseness developed through planning are necessary for success. Leonardo DaVinci was an artist who used design and spent up to a few years on one painting trying to get it right. He was born the illegitimate son of a lawyer in the town of Vinci in the Tuscan region of Italy (Beckett, 1994). He became one of the most well known artists to come out of the Renaissance period. He was known for his attention to detail, which keeps people looking at his artwork for a great deal of time and finding something new each time they look. He takes the stiffness out of paintings that were so common in his time and before, by softening lines and using shadow (Gombrich,). This art was not created without using a thought out plan, or design. Artists today are still trying to copy his paintings and his style, but none have exactly matched his detail. His art leaves one thinking about the importance of design and planning in art. References: Beckett, Wendy. Excerpt from â€Å"Sister Wendy’s Story of painting†, (1994). Retrieved October 2, 2006, from http://www. artchive. com/artchive/L/leonardo/monalisa. jpg. html Encarta msn dictionary. (n. d. ) Retrieved October 2, 2006, from, http://encarta. msn. com/dictionary_1861604032/design. html Farlex. The FreeDictionary, (n. d. ) Retrieved October, 4, 2006, from, http://www. thefreedictionary. com/art Gombrich, E. H. Excerpt from â€Å"The Story of Art†, (16th ed. 1995) Retrieved October 2, 2006, from http://www. artchive. com/artchive/L/leonardo/monalisa_text. jpg. html

Saturday, October 26, 2019

How are the Female Characters Presented in the stories Country Lovers

How are the Female Characters Presented in the stories Country Lovers and Veronica The black girl Thebedi is one of the main characters in the story "Country Lovers† She lives in South Africa under the apartheid which was a system of government which involved a segregation act between whites and blacks, so she hasn't as much rights as whites do, because of this she is restricted and hampered by her culture. The Educational system started with both white and black children in primary education where they spoke local dialect and then after that the white children went to secondary education where they learnt Standard English and the blacks went to work and learnt the language of authority. There was also at the time an Immorality act which was where it was illegal for a white person to have a relationship with a black person. This made Paulus Eysendyck and Thebedi keep the love with each other secretly â€Å"She had to get away before the house servants who knew her, came in at dawn† This shows they have compassion and determination to keep the relationship going. Paulus is in charge of the relationship for example â€Å"He told her each time, where to meet again†. Paulus and Thebedi have known each other since they were children. Paulus is son of the owner of the farm where Thebedi comes to work later in the story. Paulus is a white boy, and Thebedi is a black girl. They used to play on the farm as children and had primary education together. When he comes home for the holidays, he brought her presents, and Thebedi also give him a homemade bracelet. The bracelet is admired very much by his friends at school. Meanwhile, a black young man, Njabulo, falls in love with Thebedi, and wishes that he could be the ... ...ronica the most essential issue of the story and what it all amounts to is Tradition. The life Veronica led was steeped in tradition. Every aspect of the story is based around tradition. It was traditional for men to go off to work and women to stay in the home to cook, clean and look after the children. This would explain her lack off education and why the opportunity of going to a school as a child was not open to her. There was not as many opportunities open to women because it was unusual for women to go out to work or get a job. By tradition, men have the more dominant role. Veronica was a weak female so this would explain why she took unnecessary punishment of her father when she was younger. This also would explain why women as a whole where expected to stay at home. These are the reasons why I believe Veronica did not leave for the city with Okekà ©.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Ethnic differences essay Essay

?Asses the claim that â€Å"ethnic differences in educational achievement are primarily the result of school factors† Most studies found that overall ethnic minorities tend to do less well than other members of the population when it comes to educational achievement. Many factors which occur inside the school are the cause of educational achievement however other factors contribute. The expectations of teachers on ethnic minorities have caused differences in educational achievement. Bernard Coard believes that teachers expect â€Å"Black† children to fail therefore labelling the child as a failure. Interactionalists are concerned with how teachers â€Å"pigeonhole† students this is the labelling theory, this is where the teacher makes a judgement of the child based on the child’s appearance, behaviour, previous family members and relationships with other students. However most labels are based on stereotypes rather than evidence, the reality is that once a label starts it is difficult to get rid of and this can cause problems for a student’s educational achievement. Teachers will discuss the students label in the staff room and other teachers will attach the same label to the child and this can lead to the child not being allowed to attend school trips. If a student is labelled as a failure by a teacher then the teacher is likely to put the student into a lower tier exam thus the pupil can only achieve a maximum of a grade C and can’t achieve to the best of their ability. When a student is labelled as a failure the student can begin to believe that the label is true and begin to make it part of their part of their identity, become a failure this is known as the self-fulfilling prophecy thus creating ethnic differences in educational achievement within the school system. David Hardgreves argues that anti school sub cultures can be formed as a result of negative labelling. However Maureen Stone and Swann both indicate that those who are labelled may not accept their labels. However many sociologists argue that it is external factors that affect ethnic differences in educational achievement. Cultural Deprivation is the term used to describe serious inadequacies in the socialisation process and its effects on educational achievement. Poor parenting means children underachieving in education. Many sociologists argue that ethnic minorities tend to be more fatalistic meaning that parents tend to have low aspirations and expectations for their child meaning less emphasis is placed on doing well in education. Whereas â€Å"White† middle classes would have high aspirations and high expectations. Socialisation focuses on the values, expectations and norms transmitted from parents to children. Children from Ethnic backgrounds tend to focus on immediate gratification where they try to reep their rewards at the earliest opportunity such as leaving school at 16 to earn money. Whereas â€Å"White† middle class children aim for a bright future described as deferred gratification which is putting off short term rewards to gain better rewards in the future. Cultural Deprivation can affect the way parents prepare their children for school. Working class children would sit and watch T. V. whereas middle class parents would take their children to museums. Driver and Ballard state that high achievement in Asian groups may be linked to the fact that they live in close knit families that can help each other. Price highlighted a high rate of single parent families in black Caribbean communities which may explain high underachievement. Nevertheless, some sociologists argue that it is internal factors which affect ethnic differences in educational achievement. Institutional Racism within schools can lead to educational achievement and the differences it causes within ethnic minorities. The â€Å"Swann report† found that a small number of teachers are consciously racist however there are a great deal of teachers who are â€Å"unintentionally† racist. Bernard Coard states that the British educational system makes children become educationally subnormal he states that â€Å"West Indian children are told that their language is second rate and unacceptable† he states that within the British educational system the word â€Å"White† is associated with â€Å"good† and the word â€Å"Black† with evil. Coard also states that the attitudes portrayed in the classroom are reinforced by the pupils outside of the classroom. Many sociologists would also argue that the mispronunciation of student’s names and not learning them can be classed as racism within the school system. Cecile Wright found that majority of staff are committed to ideals of equality but despite these ideals there are still considerable amounts of discrimination in the classroom. Asian children were often excluded from discussions and teachers expressed an â€Å"open disapproval of their customs and traditions†, these comments from teachers made Asian children feel more isolated from other pupils. Martin Hammersley found that racist comments in the staffroom did not lead to racism in the classroom. J. Taylor found that â€Å"most teachers are concerned to have a fair policy towards the treatment of black pupils†. Mac an Ghaill studied 25 afro Caribbean and Asian students studying A levels. He found that â€Å"although they disagreed over the extent of racism within education, this did not directly determine their attitude to education and their levels of academic success. The way that students responded to schooling varied and this was influenced by their ethnic group†. This could eventually lead to the formation of anti-school sub cultures. These are pupils who have rejected some or all of the values and rules set down in the school ethos. Peter Woods identified 8 different groups ranging from Ingratiation total conformity to Rebellion outright rejection of school rules and values. This can cause ethnic differences in educational achievement within the school system. However other factors such as linguistic skills affect this achievement. Linguistic Deprivation is the ability to use appropriate language which is an important factor in educational success. Bernstein came up with two codes of language Restricted and Elaborate codes. The Restricted code is used in casual situations. This is limited vocabulary and Simplistic grammar which can only be understood if you are aware of this topic. The Elaborate code is used in formal situations. This is sophisticated grammar and vocabulary and can be understood if aware of the topic. Bernstein found that White middle class children had the ability to switch between the two codes whereas children from ethnic minorities were limited to using the restricted code. This means they are severely disadvantaged in education where the language is all formal. In conclusion, it is probable that a number of factors work together in producing the lower levels of achievement found in some ethnic groups. The Swann report concluded that racial discrimination inside and outside school along with social deprivation were probably the main factors. Others would add that cultural factors also play some part in explaining the differences.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Busy Bee Essay

In this crazy world, everyone is busy with their work, going to school, or doing something for the survival of their lives. A busy bee defines a person who is busy in his/her life and barely has time for their personal and social life. This kind of lifestyle is really complicated and hard to live. A busy bee is a behavior in which a person has little time for friends, is focused on their career and also has a lifestyle of either being a single or can barely provide time for family. First of all myuncle who owns 12 dunking donuts barely has time for his family. He sees his kids or communicates with them once or twice in a week. For him, his business life is more important than his social life with his family. He ought to give first prefrence to his business to make more ‘n’ more money on his bank account. In addition, Olivia Pope from Scandal, to me reflects the behavior of a busy bee. In the show, ‘Scandal’, she appears to be very busy, handling five cases a day, and there is always something going on that she needs to take care of it. As the definition says, she is shown as having no personal life, and mostly she is in the office solving cases since she does as a job as a fixer. Busy bee behavior can also exhibit influential behavior. The bad feeling between what is, and what could be, talks to our frustrations and stirs us into wide awake Influence.I chose this behavior to write about because I can connect to this behavior in such manner that since morning to night, I am running around the whole day to take summer classes or running errands or working. I also uncover some of the valuable realities of how my mind can either work for me or against this influencial being busy behavior. It’s only the weekends I can go back to my normal lifestyle, talk to my family and relax myself. Though Stephen R. Covey famous American educator and author has define busy bee in above mention phrase, â€Å"We may be very busy, we may be very efficient, but we will also be truly effective only when we begin with the end in mind.† To conclude, the behavior of the busy bee is my favorite from all the other behaviors listed because being busy makes me feel like I am accomplishing something from life, it doesn’t give me a chance to get bored and watch shows like sorrow or happiness and it gives me the encouragement to be busy in life. The behavior of a busy bee is an exceptional and unique way to keep going in life. That’s why William Blake said, â€Å"Get busy living, or get busy dying.†